ゴールデンウィーク中、バタバタしていたため書くのが今頃になってしまった。5月2日(木)に訪れた、和田誠展が素晴らしかった。（千葉県）市川市での展覧会なので、都内の西側からは少し行きにくいかもしれないがおすすめ。演劇（井上ひさしさんのこまつ座）や映画のポスター、新聞小説の挿絵、絵本の絵をはじめ、学生時代の似顔絵時間割（各教科の先生の似顔絵を配置した時間割）や多摩美時代の（ポスターカラーを用いた）ポスターも見られてとてもよかった。和田誠さんというと線画や、色指定で色をつけたイラストが思い浮かぶかもしれないが、紙粘土による作品やエッチングもあって、へぇー、そうやってたのか、とあれこれ考えながらの楽しいひとときだった。
市川市に行ってよかった、和田誠展
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excellent post, very informative. I wonder why the other specialists of this sector do not notice this. You should continue your writing. I am sure, you have a huge readers’ base already!
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The TOI Entertainment Desk is a dynamic and dedicated team of journalists, working tirelessly to bring the pulse of the entertainment world straight to the readers of The Times of India. No red carpet goes unrolled, no stage goes dark – our team spans the globe, bringing you the latest scoops and insider insights from Bollywood to Hollywood, and every entertainment hotspot in between. We don’t just report; we tell tales of stardom and stories untold. Whether it’s the rise of a new sensation or the seasoned journey of an industry veteran, the TOI Entertainment Desk is your front-row seat to the fascinating narratives that shape the entertainment landscape. Beyond the breaking news, we present a celebration of culture. We explore the intersections of entertainment with society, politics, and everyday life.Read More
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As of 2015, Khan is co-chairman of the motion picture production company Red Chillies Entertainment and its subsidiaries and is the co-owner of the Indian Premier League cricket team Kolkata Knight Riders and the Caribbean Premier League team Trinbago Knight Riders. The media often label him as “Brand SRK” because of his many endorsements and entrepreneurship ventures. He is a frequent television presenter and stage show performer. Khan’s philanthropic endeavours have provided health care and disaster relief, and he was honoured with UNESCO’s Pyramide con Marni award in 2011 for his support of children’s education and the World Economic Forum’s Crystal Award in 2018 for advocating for women’s and children’s rights in India. He regularly features in listings of the most influential people in Indian culture, and in 2008, Newsweek named him one of their fifty most powerful people in the world. In 2022, Khan was voted one of the 50 greatest actors of all time in a readers’ poll by Empire, and in 2023, Time named him as one of the most influential people in the world.[5]
Khan’s father, Meer Taj Mohammed Khan, was an Indian independence activist from Peshawar who campaigned alongside the Khudai Khidmatgar, a nonviolent resistance movement led by Abdul Ghaffar Khan that sought a united and independent India.[6][7] Mir was a follower of Abdul Ghaffar Khan,[8] and affiliated with the Indian National Congress.[9] He was also the cousin of the major general in the Indian National Army Shah Nawaz Khan.[d] According to Khan his paternal grandfather, Mir Jan Muhammad Khan, was an ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) from Afghanistan.[12][9][13] However, his paternal cousins in Peshawar later clarified that the family speaks Hindko, a dialect of Punjabi that Khan can understand and speak even if not fluently,[14] and is originally from Kashmir, from where they settled in Peshawar centuries back, thus contradicting the claim that his grandfather was a Pashtun from Afghanistan.[9] As of 2010, Khan’s paternal family was still living in the Shah Wali Qataal area of Peshawar’s Qissa Khwani Bazaar.[9]
In 1946, Mir moved to Delhi to study law at Delhi University.[15] When the partition of India occurred in 1947, he was forced to stay in Delhi, and did not return to Peshawar until many years later.[16] Khan’s mother, Lateef Fatima, a magistrate, was the daughter of a senior government engineer.[17][d][18] His parents were married in 1959.[19]
Khan was born on 2 November 1965 into a Muslim family in New Delhi.[20] He spent the first five years of his life in Mangalore, where his maternal grandfather, Iftikhar Ahmed, served as chief engineer of the port in the 1960s.[21][22][e] Khan has described himself on Twitter as “half Hyderabadi (mother), half Pathan (father), and some Kashmiri (grandmother)”.[24]
His father died of cancer in 1981,[f] and his mother died in 1991 from complications of diabetes.[39] After the death of their parents, his older sister, Shahnaz Lalarukh (born 1960)[40] fell into a depressed state and Khan took on the responsibility of caring for her.[37][41] Shahnaz continues to live with her brother and his family in their Mumbai mansion.[42]
Khan changed his decision to act in films in April 1991,[50] citing it as a way to escape the grief of his mother’s death.[51] He moved from Delhi to Mumbai to pursue a full-time career in Bollywood and was quickly signed to four films.[50] His first offer was for Hema Malini’s directorial debut Dil Aashna Hai,[36][44] and by June, he had started his first shoot.[52] His film debut was in Deewana, which was released in June 1992.[53] In it he starred alongside Divya Bharti as the second male lead behind Rishi Kapoor. Deewana became a box office hit and launched Khan’s Bollywood career;[54] he earned the Filmfare Best Male Debut Award for his performance.[55] Also released in 1992 were Khan’s first films as the male lead, Chamatkar, Dil Aashna Hai, and the comedy Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman, which was his first of many collaborations with the actress Juhi Chawla.[56] His initial film roles saw him play characters who displayed energy and enthusiasm. According to Arnab Ray of Daily News and Analysis, Khan brought a new kind of acting as he was “sliding down stairs on a slab of ice, cartwheeling, somersaulting, lips trembling, eyes trembling, bringing to the screen the kind of physical energy… visceral, intense, maniacal one moment and cloyingly boyish the next.”[57]
Among his 1993 releases, Khan garnered the most appreciation for portraying villainous roles in two box office hits: a murderer in Baazigar, and an obsessive lover in Darr.[58] The former, in which Khan played an ambiguous avenger who murders his girlfriend, shocked Indian audiences with an unexpected violation of the standard Bollywood formula.[59] In The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture, Sonal Khullar called the character “the consummate anti-hero”.[60] His performance in Baazigar, which would be his first of many appearances with actress Kajol, won Khan his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor.[61] In 2003, the Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema stated that Khan “defied the image of the conventional hero in both these films and created his own version of the revisionist hero”.[61] Darr marked the first of Khan’s many collaborations with filmmaker Yash Chopra and his company Yash Raj Films. Khan’s stammering and the use of the phrase “I love you, K-k-k-Kiran” were popular with audiences.[62] Malini Mannath of The Indian Express argued that he “walks away with the acting honours in yet another negative role”.[63] For Darr he received a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role, also known as the Best Villain Award, but lost to Paresh Rawal for Sir.[64] Also in 1993, Khan performed a nude scene with Deepa Sahi in Maya Memsaab, although parts of it were censored by the Central Board of Film Certification.[65] The ensuing controversy prompted him to eschew such scenes in future roles.[66]
In 1994, Khan played a love-struck musician in Kundan Shah’s comedy-drama film Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa opposite Deepak Tijori and Suchitra Krishnamurthy, which he later professed was his favourite role. His performance earned him a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance, and in a retrospective review from 2004, Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com referred to it as Khan’s best performance, calling him “spontaneous, vulnerable, boyish, mischievous and acting straight from the heart”.[67] Also in 1994, Khan won the Filmfare Best Villain Award for his role as an obsessive lover in Anjaam, co-starring Madhuri Dixit.[61] At the time, playing antagonistic roles was considered risky to a leading man’s career in mainstream Hindi cinema. Arnab Ray subsequently credited Khan for taking “insane risks” and “pushing the envelope” by choosing to play such characters, through which he established his career.[57] The director Mukul S. Anand called him “the new face of the industry” at the time.[51]
In 1996, all four of Khan’s releases failed critically and commercially,[76] but the following year, his starring role opposite Aditya Pancholi and Juhi Chawla in Aziz Mirza’s romantic comedy Yes Boss earned him accolades that included a Filmfare Best Actor nomination.[64] Later in 1997, he starred in Subhash Ghai’s diasporic-themed social drama Pardes,[77] portraying Arjun, a musician facing a moral dilemma. India Today cites it as one of the first major Bollywood pictures to succeed in the United States.[78] Khan’s final release of 1997 was the second collaboration with Yash Chopra in the popular musical romance Dil To Pagal Hai. He portrayed Rahul, a stage director caught in a love triangle between Madhuri Dixit and Karisma Kapoor. The film and his performance met with critical praise, winning Khan his third Best Actor Award at Filmfare.[61]
Khan performed the lead role in three films and made one special appearance in 1998. In his first release of the year, he played a double role opposite Juhi Chawla and Sonali Bendre in Mahesh Bhatt’s action comedy Duplicate, the first of his many collaborations with Yash Johar’s production company Dharma Productions. The film was not well received,[79] but India Today lauded Khan for his energetic performance.[80] The same year, Khan won critical praise for his performance as an All India Radio correspondent who develops an infatuation for a mysterious terrorist (Manisha Koirala) in Dil Se..,[81] the third instalment of Mani Ratnam’s trilogy of terror films.[82][83] In his final release of the year, he portrayed a college student in Karan Johar’s romance Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, in which he was involved in a love triangle along with Kajol and Rani Mukerji. The writer Anjana Motihar Chandra has referred to the picture as the blockbuster of the 1990s, a “pot-pourri of romance, comedy, and entertainment.”[84] Khan won the Best Actor award at the Filmfare Awards ceremony for the second consecutive year,[61] although he and several critics believed his performance to have been overshadowed by that of Kajol.[85] https://sites.google.com/view/wordpress-share-plugin-facebo
cc7c31b456 malonar -
A value of type ‘a Lazy.t is a deferred computation, called a suspension, that has a result of type ‘a. The special expression syntax lazy (expr) makes a suspension of the computation of expr, without computing expr itself yet. “Forcing” the suspension will then compute expr and return its result. Matching a suspension with the special pattern syntax lazy(pattern) also computes the underlying expression and tries to bind it to pattern:
Note: If lazy patterns appear in multiple cases in a pattern-matching, lazy expressions may be forced even outside of the case ultimately selected by the pattern matching. In the example above, the suspension x is always computed.
Note: Lazy.force is not concurrency-safe. If you use this module with multiple fibers, systhreads or domains, then you will need to add some locks. The module however ensures memory-safety, and hence, concurrently accessing this module will not lead to a crash but the behaviour is unspecified.
Note: if the program is compiled with the -rectypes option, ill-founded recursive definitions of the form let rec x = lazy x or let rec x = lazy(lazy(…(lazy x))) are accepted by the type-checker and lead, when forced, to ill-formed values that trigger infinite loops in the garbage collector and other parts of the run-time system. Without the -rectypes option, such ill-founded recursive definitions are rejected by the type-checker.
force x forces the suspension x and returns its result. If x has already been forced, Lazy.force x returns the same value again without recomputing it. If it raised an exception, the same exception is raised again.
from_val v evaluates v first (as any function would) and returns an already-forced suspension of its result. It is the same as let x = v in lazy x, but uses dynamic tests to optimize suspension creation in some cases.
In programming language theory, lazy evaluation, or call-by-need,[1] is an evaluation strategy which delays the evaluation of an expression until its value is needed (non-strict evaluation) and which avoids repeated evaluations (by the use of sharing).[2][3]
Lazy evaluation is often combined with memoization, as described in Jon Bentley’s Writing Efficient Programs.[4] After a function’s value is computed for that parameter or set of parameters, the result is stored in a lookup table that is indexed by the values of those parameters; the next time the function is called, the table is consulted to determine whether the result for that combination of parameter values is already available. If so, the stored result is simply returned. If not, the function is evaluated, and another entry is added to the lookup table for reuse.
Lazy evaluation was introduced for lambda calculus by Christopher Wadsworth.[5] For programming languages, it was independently introduced by Peter Henderson and James H. Morris[6] and by Daniel P. Friedman and David S. Wise.[7][8]
Delayed evaluation is used particularly in functional programming languages. When using delayed evaluation, an expression is not evaluated as soon as it gets bound to a variable, but when the evaluator is forced to produce the expression’s value. That is, a statement such as x = expression; (i.e. the assignment of the result of an expression to a variable) clearly calls for the expression to be evaluated and the result placed in x, but what actually is in x is irrelevant until there is a need for its value via a reference to x in some later expression whose evaluation could itself be deferred, though eventually the rapidly growing tree of dependencies would be pruned to produce some symbol rather than another for the outside world to see.[9]
Lazy evaluation is fundamental in big data frameworks such as Apache Spark, where computations on distributed datasets are delayed until results are explicitly needed, allowing for execution optimizations and reduction of unnecessary processing.[10]
Lazy evaluation allows control structures to be defined normally, and not as primitives or compile-time techniques. For example, one can define if-then-else and short-circuit evaluation operators:[11][12]
Conversely, in an eager language the above definition for ifThenElse a b c would evaluate (a), (b), and (c) regardless of the value of (a). This is not the desired behavior, as (b) or (c) may have side effects, take a long time to compute, or throw errors. It is usually possible to introduce user-defined lazy control structures in eager languages as functions, though they may depart from the language’s syntax for eager evaluation: Often the involved code bodies need to be wrapped in a function value, so that they are executed only when called.
Delayed evaluation has the advantage of being able to create calculable infinite lists without infinite loops or size matters interfering in computation. The actual values are only computed when needed. For example, one could create a function that creates an infinite list (often called a stream) of Fibonacci numbers. The calculation of the n-th Fibonacci number would be merely the extraction of that element from the infinite list, forcing the evaluation of only the first n members of the list.[13][14]
In the function .mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}numberFromInfiniteList, the value of infinity is an infinite range, but until an actual value (or more specifically, a specific value at a certain index) is needed, the list is not evaluated, and even then, it is only evaluated as needed (that is, until the desired index.) Provided the programmer is careful, the program completes normally. However, certain calculations may result in the program attempting to evaluate an infinite number of elements; for example, requesting the length of the list or trying to sum the elements of the list with a fold operation would result in the program either failing to terminate or running out of memory.
In Haskell syntax, “:” prepends an element to a list, tail returns a list without its first element, and zipWith uses a specified function (in this case addition) to combine corresponding elements of two lists to produce a third.[13]
In computer windowing systems, the painting of information to the screen is driven by expose events which drive the display code at the last possible moment. By doing this, windowing systems avoid computing unnecessary display content updates.[15]
Laziness can be useful for high performance scenarios. An example is the Unix mmap function, which provides demand driven loading of pages from disk, so that only those pages actually touched are loaded into memory, and unneeded memory is not allocated.
MATLAB implements copy on edit, where arrays which are copied have their actual memory storage replicated only when their content is changed, possibly leading to an out of memory error when updating an element afterwards instead of during the copy operation.[16]
The number of beta reductions to reduce a lambda term with call-by-need is no larger than the number needed by call-by-value or call-by-name reduction.[17][18] And with certain programs the number of steps may be much smaller, for example a specific family of lambda terms using Church numerals take an infinite amount of steps with call-by-value (i.e. never complete), an exponential number of steps with call-by-name, but only a polynomial number with call-by-need. Call-by-need embodies two optimizations – never repeat work (similar to call-by-value), and never perform unnecessary work (similar to call-by-name).[19] Lazy evaluation can also lead to reduction in memory footprint, since values are created when needed.[20]
In practice, lazy evaluation may cause significant performance issues compared to eager evaluation. For example, on modern computer architectures, delaying a computation and performing it later is slower than performing it immediately. This can be alleviated through strictness analysis.[19] Lazy evaluation can also introduce memory leaks due to unevaluated expressions.[21][22]
Some programming languages delay evaluation of expressions by default, and some others provide functions or special syntax to delay evaluation. In KRC, Miranda and Haskell, evaluation of function arguments is delayed by default. In many other languages, evaluation can be delayed by explicitly suspending the computation using special syntax (as with Scheme’s “delay” and “force” and OCaml’s “lazy” and “Lazy.force”) or, more generally, by wrapping the expression in a thunk. The object representing such an explicitly delayed evaluation is called a lazy future. Raku uses lazy evaluation of lists, so one can assign infinite lists to variables and use them as arguments to functions, but unlike Haskell and Miranda, Raku does not use lazy evaluation of arithmetic operators and functions by default.[9]
However, there is an optimisation implemented in some compilers called strictness analysis, which, in some cases, allows the compiler to infer that a value will always be used. In such cases, this may render the programmer’s choice of whether to force that particular value or not, irrelevant, because strictness analysis will force strict evaluation.
In Java, lazy evaluation can be done by using objects that have a method to evaluate them when the value is needed. The body of this method must contain the code required to perform this evaluation. Since the introduction of lambda expressions in Java SE8, Java has supported a compact notation for this. The following example generic interface provides a framework for lazy evaluation:[24][25]
Each class that implements the Lazy interface must provide an eval method, and instances of the class may carry whatever values the method needs to accomplish lazy evaluation. For example, consider the following code to lazily compute and print 210:
In the above, the variable a initially refers to a lazy integer object created by the lambda expression () -> 1. Evaluating this lambda expression is similar[a] to constructing a new instance of an anonymous class that implements Lazy with an eval method returning 1. https://sites.google.com/view/windows-repair-2018-4021-unlo
cc7c31b456 gilgar -
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