「たのしい写真」はたのしい

 
 
 
 写真がわからない。いや、写真をどう見て、どう評価していいのかわからない。好き嫌いで判断する以外は、ピントが合っているから上手い、合っていないから下手だといった判断はともかく、そのほかの見方がわからないといえばいいだろうか。そのことが気になりはじめたのは、いつからだろう。大学の頃、写真の授業があり、モノクロ写真を自分で現像し、自分で印画紙に焼き付ける作業もした。といっても、写真が専門ではなく、写真を少し学んだというくらい。

 写真がわからないことが気になっていたが、この本のおかげで一歩前進したかもしれない。それが、ホンマタカシさんの『たのしい写真 よい子のための写真教室』(平凡社)。その中で、「今日の写真」を考える上で重要だと思う3つの点を挙げ、それが「決定的瞬間」「ニューカラー」、そして「ポストモダン」だとホンマさんは言う。

「決定的瞬間」とは文字通り、決定的な一瞬を切り取ること。小型カメラを手にフットワークも軽く、決定的瞬間を求めて路上を小型カメラでスナップします。「決定的瞬間」は、アンリ・カルティエ=ブレッソンの写真集のタイトルにもなっています。

「ニューカラー」では、大型カメラを用いて街角や路地などを客観的に撮影。小型カメラで決定的瞬間を主観的に撮影するのとは対照的です。「ニューカラー」という言葉が左上に大きく入ったページから次のページにかけてこんな文章があります。

 翌76年にはニューヨーク近代美術館(MoMA)で「フォトグラフス・バイ・ウィリアム・エグルストン」という展覧会が開かれます。
 この展覧会をもって初めてカラー写真は芸術として認められることになります。エグルストンはアメリカ南部の風景をなんの変哲もないカラー写真におさめました。「なんの変哲もない」というのは、なんの事件もなく、人びとの大げさな表情もないということです。つまり、そこには決定的な瞬間がないのです。ただただ繰り返される凡庸な日常の光景があるだけです。

 ホンマさんはまた、「決定的瞬間」と「ニューカラー」を下記のように整理しています。

「決定的瞬間」=小型カメラ(ライカ)+主観的+モノクロ

「ニューカラー」=大型カメラ+客観的+カラー

 

 他にもたとえば、「決定的瞬間」はシャッタースピード60分の1秒、「ニューカラー」は1秒とも書かれています。「決定的瞬間」は、狩りをするようにいちばん見せたいポイントにピントを合わせ、「ニューカラー」はシャッタースピードを遅くすることにより、絞りを小さくでき、そのため、手前から奥まであらゆるものにピントが合わせられるようになります。つまり、画面の隅々までを等価値に表現することが可能になるということなのです。

 こうもあります。

 この「等価値」という発想が、「ニューカラー」におけるキーワードです。決定的瞬間などはそもそも存在せず、すべては等価値であるという認識こそが重要なのです。

 そして、「ポストモダン」に関してはこう書かれています。また引用ですが、もうしばらくおつきあいください。

  
 さて、モダニズムの後には「ポスト(post=後の・次の)モダニズム」の時代がやってきます。
 ターニングポイントのヒトツは、1991年にニューヨーク近代美術館(MoMA)の写真部長が、ジョン・シャーカフスキーからピーター・ガラシに替わったこと。ここではっきりと時代の転換が行われたと思うんです。世界中に無数にある美術館のたったひとつの美術館のキュレーターがひとり替わるだけで、世界の写真をめぐる状況はドラスティックに変わったーーと、そんなふうにボクが感じるのは、ピーター・ガラシが91年に手がけた展覧会「Pleasures and Terrors of Domentic Comfort」の印象があまりにも強烈で、新鮮だったからです。

 展覧会のカタログの表紙には、フィリップ・ロルカ・ディコルシアの作品。アメリカの中流家庭のキッチンで、ひとりの少年がうつむき加減に立っている写真です。いかにも何かが起こりそうな予感がします。ディコルシアは、あたかも映画のセットのようなシチュエーションをまず創って、それから写真を撮影します。出会い頭のストレートな写真ではなく、細部にいたるまですべてを完全に構成して演出する、セットアップの写真です。
 モダニズムからポストモダニズムへと時代が変わったことを表す象徴として、ガラシはディコルシアのこの写真を表紙に掲げました。
 

 この後、途中は略しますが、
「セットアップ」の写真自体は、80年代前半から、サンディ・スコグランドやシンディ・シャーマンなどにより日本でも知られていましたし、ジェフ・ウォールやグレゴリー・クリュードソンもすでに一部では評価されていました。しかしこのガラシの展覧会によって、セットアップ写真は一気にメジャーな潮流として権威づけられたと言えるでしょう、と結ばれています。
 
 

 
 
 
 


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